Daftar Vocabulary yang diujikan di TOEFL ITP (Reading)

Berikut daftar vocabulary yang pernah diujikan di TOEFL ITP. Menghafal vocabulary sangat penting untuk tes ITP. Dalam 1 paket soal bisa hingga 18 soal semuanya khusus u/ vocabulary. Syukurnya soal TOEFL ITP itu bisa dikatakan berulang. Jadi, menghafal kosakata secara manual dan tradisional tentu bisa sangat membantu. Kalaupun misalkan kosakata yang dihafal tidak diujikan pada saat tes, tentunya tetap bermanfaat untuk memahami teks reading. 

List berikut akan kami terus update.

Paket soal 1

#1 Tend: care for
But not all animal parents, even those that tend [=care for] their offspring [anak] to the point of hatching or birth, feed their young.

#2 Provision: supply
Few insects feed their young after hatching, but some make other arrangement, provisioning their cells and nests with caterpillars and spiders that they have paralyzed with their venom and stored in a state of suspended animation so that their larvae might have a supply of fresh food when they hatch.

#3 Edge: advantage

• For animals other than mammals, then, feeding is not intrinsic to parental care. Animals add it to their reproductive strategies to give them an edge in their lifelong quest for descendants.
• In terms of experience, she definitely had the edge over the other people that we interviewed.

#4 Shield: protect
And in the meantime those young are shielded against the vagaries of fluctuating of difficult-to-find supplies.

#5 Prime: principal/main
Printmaking is the generic term for a number of processes, of which woodcut and engraving are two prime examples.

#6 Incised (diukir/dipahat): cut
The image is incised into a highly polished metal plate, usually copper, with a cutting instrument, or burin.

#7 Distinctive: unique
Both woodcut and engraving have distinctive characteristics.

#8 Yield: produce
Both methods can yield several hundred good-quality prints before the original block or plate begins to show signs of wear.

#9 Barter: exchange
Its peoples became great traders, bartering jewellery, pottery, animal pelts, tools, and other goods.

#10 Supplant: replace
About A.D. 400, the Hopewell culture fell into decay. Over the next centuries, it was supplanted by another culture, the Mississippian.

#11 Charged with: assigned to

• Only priests and those charged with guarding the flame could enter the temples.
• (be) charged with guardian the flame = (be) ordered to guard the flame

#12 Primitive: undeveloped

Overland transport in the United States was still extremely primitive in 1790. Roads were few and short, usually extending from inland communities to the nearest river town or seaport.

#13 On the threshold of: at the start of

• Yet, in 1790 the nation was on the threshold of a new era of road development.
• We are on the threshold of a new era in European relations.

#14 Imitation: copying

The company built a gravel road within two years, and the success of the Lancaster Pike encouraged imitation

#15 Exert: put

Like tree roots breaking up a sidewalk, the growing crystals exert pressure on the rock and eventually pry the rock apart long planes of weakness.

#16 Durable: strong

A rock durable enough to have withstood natural conditions for a very long time in other areas could probably be shattered into small pieces by salt weathering within a few generations.

#17 Shattered: broken apart

A rock durable enough to have withstood natural conditions for a very long time in other areas could probably be shattered into small pieces by salt weathering within a few generations.

#18 Dominant: most common

The dominant salt in Death Valley is halite, or sodium chloride, but other salts, mostly carbonates and sulfates, also cause prying and wedging, as does ordinary ice.

Paket soal 2

#1 Favor: prefer

By far the most important United States export product in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries was cotton, favored by the European textile industry over flax or wool because it was easy to process and soft to tile touch.

#2 laborious: difficult

Cotton could be grown throughout the South, but separating the fiber – or lint – from the seed was a laborious process.

#3 surge: sharp increase

The interaction of improved processing and high demand led to the rapid spread of the cultivation of cotton and to a surge in production.

#4 unprecedented: not seen before

The growing market for cotton and other American agricultural products led to an unprecedented expansion of agricultural settlement,

#5 obscure: unclear

The origins of nest-building remain obscure, but current observation of nest-building activities provide evidence of their evolution.

#6 display: exhibit (show)

Birds also display remarkable behavior in collecting building materials.

#7 load: weight

The carrying capacity of the eagles, however, is only relative to their size ant1 most birds are able to carry an extra load of just over twenty percent of their body weight.

#8 precise: accurate

A survey must be based on a precise, representative sampling if it is to genuinely reflect a broad range of the population.

#9 exercise: utilize (use/employ)

In preparing to conduct a survey, sociologists must exercise great care in the wording of questions.

#10 elicit: bring out (get)

Even questions that are less structured must be carefully phrased in order to elicit the type of information desired.

#11 probe: explore (to try to discover)

In addition, an interviewer can go beyond written questions and probe for a subject's underlying feelings and reasons.

#12 accumulate: collect (berkumpul)

This development radically changed the types of sediments that accumulated on the seafloor, because, while the organic parts of the plankton decayed after the organisms died, their mineralized skeletons often survived and sank to the bottom.

#13 prolific: fruitful (productive)

• Just why the calcareous plankton were so prolific during the latter part of the Cretaceous period is not fully understood.
• Cristiano Ronaldo is one of the most prolific winger forwards that has ever lived.

#14 ideal: perfect

The high biological productivity of the Cretaceous oceans also led to ideal conditions for oil accumulation.

#15 standard: customary (usual)

The violin has been in existence since about 1550. Its importance as an instrument in its own right dates from the early 1600's, when it first became standard in Italian opera orchestras.

#16 strain: stress (pressure)

Small changes had to be made to the violin's internal structure and to the fingerboard so that they could withstand the extra strain.

#17 accordingly: consequently (therefore)

Small changes had to be made to the violin's internal structure and to the fingerboard so that they could withstand the extra strain. Accordingly, a higher standard of performance was achieved, in terms of both facility and interpretation.

Paket 3

#1 teeming with: full of

When the putrefied material is examined microscopically, it is found to be teeming with bacteria.

#2 resemble: appear similar to

Pasteur showed that structures present in air closely resemble the microorganisms seen in putrefying materials.

#3 postulate: suggest (say/imply/mention/state)

He postulated that these bodies are constantly being deposited on all objects.

#4 depend: rely

In the minds of agrarian thinkers and writers, the farmer was a person on whose well-being the health of the new country depended.

#5 subscribe to: agree with

Virtually all policy makers, whether they subscribed to the tenets [principles/beliefs/theories] of the philosophy held by Jefferson or not, recognized agriculture as the key component of the American economy

#6 stunning: impressive

Farmers streamed to the West, filling frontier lands with stunning rapidity.

#7 spawn: create

The wide variety of climates in North America has helped spawn a complex pattern of soil regions.

#8 partitioning: division

In general, the realm’s soils also reflect the broad environmental partitioning into “humid America” and “arid America.”

#9 enhance: increase (improve)

Glaciation also enhanced the rich legacy of fertile soils in the central United States, both from the deposition of mineral-rich glacial debris left by meltwater and from thick layers of fine wind-blown glacial material, called loess, in and around the middle Mississippi Valley.

#10 transition: change

The forests of North America tend to make a broad transition by latitude.

#11 ignite: set on fire

Photoflash is now generated electronically, but the earliest form, first used in 1864, was a paper bag containing magnesium wire and some oxygen-rich substance, such as potassium chlorate. When the bag was ignited, the metal burned with an intense flash.

#12 evolution: development

The evolution of the photoflash was slow, flashbulbs, containing fine wire made of a metal, such as magnesium or aluminum, capable of being ignited in an atmosphere of pure oxygen at low pressure, were introduced only in the 1920’s.

#13 momentarily: briefly

In each case enough energy is given out to heat the oxidizable metal momentarily to a white-hot emission of visible light.

#14 depict: represent

The Impressionists wanted to depict what they saw in nature, but they were inspired to portray fragmentary moments by the increasingly fast pace of modern life.

#15 advent: arrival

Some of the Impressionists’ painting methods were affected by technological advances. For example, the shift from the studio to the open air was made possible in part by the advent of cheap rail travel, which permitted easy and quick access to the countryside or seashore.

#16 affront: insult

• Among the 165 paintings exhibited was one called Impression: Sunrise, by Claude Monet (1840-1926), Viewed through hostile eyes, Monet’s painting of a rising sun over a misty, watery scene seemed messy, slapdash, and an affront to good taste.
• He regarded the comments as an affront  to  his dignity.

Paket 4

#1 intriguing: fascinating

Then came the close-up images obtained by the exploratory spacecraft Voyager 2, and within days, Europa was transformed-in our perception, at least-into one of the solar system’s most intriguing worlds.

endless: continuous

The tides on Europa pull and relax in an endless cycle.

adequate: sufficient

Although population and sedentary living were increasing at the time, there is little evidence that people lacked adequate wild food resources

rather than: instead of

It has been suggested that some early cultivation was for medicinal and ceremonial plants rather than for food.

thrived: grew well

It has been suggested that sunflower, sumpweed, and other plants almost domesticated themselves, that is, they thrived in human –disturbed habitats, so humans intensively collected them and began to control their distribution.

forage: search for food

Many ants forage across the countryside in large numbers and undertake mass migrations; these activities proceed because one ant lays a trail on the ground for the others to follow.

intermittently: periodically

As a worker ant returns home after finding a source of food, it marks the route Line    by intermittently touching its stinger to the ground and depositing a tiny amount of trail  pheromone – a mixture of chemicals that delivers diverse messages as the context changes.

furnish: provide

A trail pheromone will evaporate to furnish the highest concentration of vapor right over the trail, in what is called a vapor space. 

oscillating: swinging

In following the trail, the ant moves to the right and left, oscillating from side to side across the line of the trail itself, bringing first one and then the other antenna into the vapor space.

are easily disposed: have a tendency

Contemporary readers, forgetting the origins of western epic, lyric, and dramatic forms, are easily disposed to think of “literature” only as something written.

ultimately: in the end

Ultimately, literature is aesthetically valued, regardless of language, culture, or mode of presentation, because some significant verbal achievement results from the struggle in words between tradition and talent

compelling: forceful

Verbal art has the ability to shape out a compelling inner vision in some skillfully crafted public verbal form.

exceptional: remarkable

The cities in the United States have been the most visible sponsors and beneficiaries of projects that place art in public places. They have shown exceptional imagination in applying the diverse forms of contemporary art to a wide variety of purposes.

enhancement: improvement

The specialized requirements of particular urban situations have further expanded the use of art in public places: in Memphis, sculptor Richard Hunt has created a monument to Martin Luther King, Jr., who was slain there; in New York, Dan Flavin and Bill Brand have contributed neon and animation works to the enhancement of mass transit facilities.

revitalize: bring new life to

And in numerous cities, art is being raised as a symbol of the commitment to revitalize urban areas.

executing: producing

Artists are recognizing the distinction between public and private spaces, and taking that into account when executing their public commissions.

Paket 5

engaged: hired

In 1903 the members of the governing board of the University of Washington in Seattle engaged a firm of landscape architects, specialists in the design of outdoor environments -OImsted Brothers of Brookline, Massachusetts- to advise them on an appropriate layout for the university grounds.

subsequent: later

John Olmsted did the investigation and subsequent report on Seattle's parks

sums: amounts

Between 1907 and 1913, city voters approved special funding measures amounting to $4,000,000. With such unparalleled sums at their disposal, ....

identical: exactly alike

No two comets ever look identical, but they have basic features in common, one of the most obvious of which is a coma.

heart: center

At the heart of a comet's coma lies a nucleus of solid material, typically no more than 10 kilometers across.

graphic: vivid

The most graphic proof that the grand spectacle of a comet develops from a relatively small and inconspicuous chunk of ice and dust was the close-up image obtained in 1986 by the European Giotto probe of the nucleus of Halley's Comet.

distinct: separate

As a comet's orbit brings it closer to the Sun, first the coma grows, then two distinct tails usually form.

undoubtedly: certainly

Many prehistoric people subsisted as hunters and gatherers. Undoubtedly, game [wild] animals, including some very large species, provided major components of human diets.

components: parts

Many prehistoric people subsisted as hunters and gatherers. Undoubtedly, game animals, including some very large species, provided major components of human diets.

besides: in addition to

Besides overhunting, at least three other kinds of effects have been suggested: direct competition, imbalances between competing species of game animals, and early agricultural practices.

favor: preferred

If such hunters first competed with the larger predators and then replaced them, they may have allowed more young to survive each year, gradually increasing the populations of favored species.

integral: fundamental

Tulips are Old World, rather than New World, plants, with the origins of the species lying in Central Asia. They became an integral part of the gardens of the Ottoman Empire from the sixteenth century onward, and, soon after, part of European life as well.

flourished: thrived (grew well)

They [tulips] flourished in Pennsylvania too, where in 1698 William Penn received a report of John Tateham's "Great and Stately Palace," its garden full of tulips.

grumbled: complained

Thomas Hancock, an English settler, wrote thanking his plant supplier for a gift of some tulip bulbs from England, but his letter the following year grumbled that they were all dead.

serve: function

Pheromones are substances that serve as chemical signals between members of the same species.

sole: only

Pheromones are the predominant medium of communication among insects (but rarely the sole method).

detecting: finding

Some species, such as ants, seem to be very articulate creatures, but their medium of communication is difficult for humans to study and appreciate because of our own olfactory, insensitivity and the technological difficulties in detecting and analyzing these pheromones.

sedentary: inactive

Aphids, which are particularly vulnerable to predators because of their gregarious habits and sedentary nature, secrete an alarm pheromone when attacked that causes nearby aphids to respond by moving away.

Paket 6

subjected: exposed

Other factors that help shape a folk song include: continuity (many performances over a number of years); variation (changes in words and melodies either through artistic interpretation or failure of memory); and selection (the acceptance of a song by the community in which it evolves). When songs have been subjected to these processes their origin is usually impossible to trace

essence: basic nature

If this happened a few times there would be many different versions, the song's original composer would be forgotten, and the song would become common property. This constant reshaping and re-creation is the essence of folk music.

diverse: different

noted: observed (noticed)

emphasize: stress

One researcher observed babies and their mothers in six diverse cultures and  found that, in all six languages, the mothers used simplified syntax, short utterances and nonsense sounds, and transformed certain sounds into baby talk. Other investigators have noted that when mothers talk to babies who are only a few months old, they exaggerate the pitch, loudness, and intensity of their words. They also exaggerate their facial expressions, hold vowels longer, and emphasize certain words.\

accessible: available

Rivers also reveal clay along their banks, and erosion on a hillside may make clay easily accessible.

account for: explain (explain the cause of)

Variations of clay composition and the temperatures at which they are fired account for the differences in texture and appearance between a china teacup and an earthenware flowerpot.

smooth operation: effective functioning

The smooth operation of an ant colony depends on ten to twenty different signals, most of which are pheromones (chemical signals triggering behavioral responses).

cluster: group

The simples of these is the carbon dioxide from the respiration of an ant cluster, a chemical that acts as a pheromone to promote aggregation.

scurrying: rushing

A fire ant queen emits a chemical signal that identifies her to the colony's workers. They respond by scurrying to gather around her.

formidable: difficult

Most landless Americans were too poor to become farmers even when they could obtain land without cost. The expense of moving a family to the ever-receding frontier exceeded the means of many, and the cost of tools, draft animals, a wagon, a well, fencing, and of building the simplest house, might come to $1,000 --a formidable barrier.

intent: purpose

Homesteaders usually came from districts not far removed from frontier conditions. And despite the intent of the law, speculators often managed to obtain large tracts.

Paket 7

regardless of: no matter what

Potter, for instance, found it convenient to locate their workshops [tempat kerja] near their source of clay, regardless of its relation to the center of settlement.

marked: noticeable

The techniques of pottery manufacture had evolved well before the Greek period, but marked stylistic developments occurred in shape and in decoration.

confine: restrict

The broad utility of terra-cotta was such that workers in clay could generally afford to confine themselves to either decorated ware (barang hias) and housewares (barang/peralatan rumah tangga) like cooking pots and storage jars or building materials like roof tiles and drainpipes.

presumably: probably (maybe / plausibly)

.... but a rural pottery establishment on the island of Thasos produced many types of pottery and roof tiles too, presumably to meet local demand

sustain: support

Its climate, despite more than 50 inches of annual rainfall, is blistering desert plant life it can sustain is only the xerophytic, the quintessentially dry.

insignificant: unimportant

Even the name is an epithet, a synonym for the stunted, the scruffy, the insignificant, what is beautiful about such a place?

ultimately: eventually (finally)

Other species may become better adapted to an environment, resulting in competition and, ultimately, in the death of a species.

demise: death

One of the best-known examples of mass extinction occurred 65 million years ago with the demise of dinosaurs and many other forms of life.

finding: scientific discovery

One interesting, and controversial, finding is that extinctions during the past 250 Million years have tended to be more intense every 26 million years.

convert: change

The term “latent heat” refers to the energy that has to be used to convert liquid water to water vapor.

primarily; chiefly (mainly)

Once this latent heat is stored within the atmosphere, it can be transported, primarily to higher latitudes, by prevailing, large-scale winds.

prevailing: dominant

Once this latent heat is stored within the atmosphere, it can be transported, primarily to higher latitudes, by prevailing, large-scale winds.

undergone: experienced

The Moon, which has undergone a distinct and complex geological history, presents a striking appearance.

vast: great

This roughness is mostly caused by the abundance of craters; the highlands are completely covered by large craters (greater than 40-50 km in diameter), while the craters of the maria tend to be much smaller.

Paket 8

precarious: uncertain

Hunting is at best a precarious way of procuring [= get/obtain] food, even when the diet is supplemented with seeds and fruits.

settled: stable

Thus they developed the primary economic activity of the entire ancient world and the basis of all modern life. With the settled routine of Neolithic farmers came the evolution of towns and eventually cities.

chronicle: describe

In time the increasing complexity of Neolithic societies led to the development of writing, prompted by the need to keep records and later by the urge to chronicle experiences, learning, and beliefs.

ornate (banyak hiasan): elaborate (sangat rinci/rumit)

Stoneware, which had been simple, utilitarian kitchenware, grew increasingly ornate throughout the nineteenth century.

derived from: based on

The name of the ware was probably derived from its resemblance to English brown-glazed earthenware made in South Yorkshire.

various: different

account for: explain

Various methods of spattering or sponging the glaze onto the ware account for the extremely wide variations in color and add to the interest of collecting Rockingham.

subjugated: conquered (defeated)

By about 3100B.C, Subarians were apparently subjugated in southern Mesopotamia by the Sumerians, whose name became synonymous with the region immediately north of the Persian Gulf, in the fertile lower valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates.

excavating: digging

But it was not until the 1890's that archaeologists excavating in city-states well to the south of Nieveh found many thousands of tablets inscribed in Sumerian only.

agents: causes

Therefore, organisms must be buried rapidly to escape destruction by the elements and to be protected agents of weathering and erosion.

aided: helped

The environment of the swamps kept bacterial decay to a minimum, which greatly aided in the preservation of plants and animals.

estimated: judged

A professor there estimated that each of the large while oaks had produced between two and eight thousand acorns, but within weeks of seed maturity, hardly an intact acorn could be found among the fallen leaves.

pry off: remove

Squirrels pry off the caps of acorns, bite through the shells to get at the nutritious inner kernels, and then discard them half-eaten.

littered: covered 

The ground under towing oaks is often littered with thousands of half -eaten acorns, each one only bitten from the top.

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