Reading: Soal TOEFL dan kunci jawaban (pembahasan) - Fish Locomotion
Berikut kami bagikan contoh soal TOEFL ITP dan pembahasan kunci jawaban. Soal ini merupakan soal asli yang sudah pernah diujikan sebelumya. Idealnya soal ini dikerjakan selama 11 menit. Dalam soal ITP asli, jumlah soal total reading adalah 50 nomor dengan 5 bacaan (passage) dan dikerjakan selama 55 menit. Tiap passage umumnya diikuti 10 soal, kadang lebih kadang kurang.
_________________SOAL DIMULAI____________________
Different fish species swim in different ways. Beginning in the 1920s, careful efforts have been made to classify and measure these various means of locomotion. Although the nomenclature and mathematics used to describe fish locomotion have become quite complex, the basic classification system is still largely the same as it was first outlined.
The simplest type of swim is “eel-form” (technically, “anguilliform,” after the common eel Anguilla). As the name suggests, this swimming motion involves undulations, or wavelike motions, of the whole length of the fish’s body, the amplitude of the undulation increasing toward the tail. These undulating motions generate a backward thrust of the body against the water, thereby driving it forward. Eel-form swimming is effective but not particularly efficient because the undulations increase the drag, or resistance in the water. It is employed, therefore, mostly by bottom dwellers that do not move quickly or efficiently. Not only eels but also blennies swim this way, as do flounders, which undulate vertically, top to bottom, rather than horizontally, and certain slow-moving sharks, such as the nurse and wobbegong shark.
Most roaming predators display “jack-form” swimming (technically, “carangiform,” after the Carangidae family, which includes jacks, scads, and pompanos). Although there is some variation, in general they have certain features in common: a head like the nose of an aircraft, often sloping down on the top, and a tapered posterior that ends in a forked tail. That portion of the body that connects with the forked tail is narrowed. A jack, like other carangiform swimmers, is adapted for acceleration. It thrusts its rather stiff body from side to side, creating propulsion without much waving of the body, encountering less resistance than eel-form undulations produce. The forked pattern of the tail reduces drag; the narrowed portion of the body connected to the tail minimizes recoil, and thus helps keep the body still. Jack-form fish are efficient swimmers, as they must be to catch their prey.
The least efficient swimmers are those that move trunkfish style (technically, “ostraciform,” after the family Ostraciidae, which includes trunkfishes and cowfishes). Like the jacks, they use their tails for propulsion, but in so inept and clumsy a manner as to make it clear that speed is not their objective. Puffer fish and porcupine fish swim in trunkfish style. Lacking speed, they must depend on body armor or the secretion of toxic substances for protection.
21. The word “suggests” in line 7 is closest in meaning to
(A) implies
(B) demands
(C) describes
(D) compares
22. The word “it” in line 10 refers to
(A) tail
(B) thrust
(C) body
(D) water
23. Which of the following does the author mention as the cause of the eel’s inefficient swimming style?
(A) The increased drag produced by the movement of the body
(B) The eel’s habit of usually swimming near the bottom of the water
(C) The simple structure of the eel’s body
(D) The weakness of the backward thrust of the eel’s tail
24. The word “employed” in line 12 is closest in meaning to
(A) used
(B) occupied
(C) developed
(D) provided
25. It can be inferred from the passage that blennies (line 13) are
(A) bottom dwellers
(B) sharks
(C) predators
(D) a type of eel
26. The word “minimizes” in line 25 is closest in meaning to
(A) prevents
(B) reduces
(C) determines
(D) repeats
27. What does the author mention about fish that are “jack-form” swimmers?
(A) They usually prey on bottomdwelling fish.
(B) Their swimming style lets them catch prey effectively.
(C) They have tails similar to those of eels.
(D) Their highly flexible skeletal structure allows them to swim efficiently.
28. The word “objective” in line 30 is closest in meaning to
(A) ability
(B) preference
(C) purpose
(D) method
29. Which of the following fish would most likely emit a poisonous substance?
(A) A nurse shark
(B) A jack
(C) A pompano
(D) A puffer fish
30. Which of the following statements does the passage support?
(A) A scientist today would use a system of classification for fish locomotion similar to that used in the 1920s.
(B) Scientists today still do not understand the mechanics of fish locomotion.
(C) Mathematical analysis of fish locomotion has remained largely unaltered since the 1920s.
(D) The classification of fish locomotion has been simplified since it was devised in the 1920s.
Pembahasan kunci jawaban
21. The word “suggests” in line 7 is closest in meaning to
(A) implies: menyatakan secara tidak langsung
(B) demands: (me)minta; (men)syaratkan
(C) describes: (men)deskripsikan
(D) compares: (mem)bandingkan
suggest: menyatakan secara tidak langsung
22. The word “it” in line 10 refers to
(A) tail
(B) thrust
(C) body
(D) water
Letak jawaban: These undulating motions generate a backward thrust of the body against the water, thereby driving it forward
Terjemahan: Gerakan bergelombang ini menghasilkan dorongan ke belakang tubuh terhadap air, sehingga mendorongnya [tubuh] ke depan
23. Which of the following does the author mention as the cause of the eel’s inefficient swimming style?
(A) The increased drag produced by the movement of the body
Eel-form swimming is effective but not particularly efficient because the undulations increase the drag, or resistance in the water.
Berenang bentuk belut (eel-form) efektif tetapi tidak begitu efisien karena undulasi (gerakan atas bawah) meningkatkan tarikan, atau hambatan di dalam air.
24. The word “employed” in line 12 is closest in meaning to
(A) used
(B) occupied
(C) developed
(D) provided
use = employ = utilize = exercise (menggunakan)
Kosakata di atas, sinonim dari `use`, termasuk biasa diujikan di ITP, olehnya silahkan dihafal.
25. It can be inferred from the passage that blennies (line 13) are
(A) bottom dwellers
It is employed, therefore, mostly by bottom dwellers that do not move quickly or efficiently. Not only eels but also blennies swim this way, as do flounders, which undulate vertically, top to bottom, rather than horizontally, and certain slow-moving sharks, such as the nurse and wobbegong shark.
26. The word “minimizes” in line 25 is closest in meaning to
(A) prevents: menghindari
(B) reduces: mengurangi
(C) determines: menentukan
(D) repeats: mengulangi
27. What does the author mention about fish that are “jack-form” swimmers?
(B) Their swimming style lets them catch prey effectively.
Letak kunci jawaban: Jack-form fish are efficient swimmers, as they must be to catch their prey.
28. The word “objective” in line 30 is closest in meaning to
(A) ability
(B) preference
(C) purpose: tujuan
(D) method
Objective/aim/goal: tujuan
29. Which of the following fish would most likely emit a poisonous substance?
(A) A nurse shark
(B) A jack
(C) A pompano
(D) A puffer fish
Puffer fish and porcupine fish swim in trunkfish style. Lacking speed, they must depend on body armor or the secretion of toxic substances for protection.
30. Which of the following statements does the passage support?
(A) A scientist today would use a system of classification for fish locomotion similar to that used in the 1920s.
Jawaban dari soal ini dibahas di paragraf pertama:
Beginning in the 1920s, careful efforts have been made to classify and measure these various means of locomotion. Although the nomenclature and mathematics used to describe fish locomotion have become quite complex, the basic classification system is still largely the same as it was first outlined.
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